Meaning of repertoire1/21/2024 ![]() These lymphocytes have unique antigen receptors acquired through encounters with foreign bodies over a person’s lifetime. The more complex adaptive immune system takes days to respond to an infection and is composed of two major types of lymphocytes called B cells and T cells. The rapid response of your innate immune system also activates the adaptive system, which is the body’s antigen specific response to protect itself. Innate immunity refers to the non-specific defense mechanism that protects the body from a toxin or a foreign object, called an antigen. Joaquín Giner-Lamia, José J.Your immune system is comprised of two subsystems that work together, providing both innate and adaptive immunity. Rodríguez-Herva, Emilia López-Solanilla & Jaime Huerta-Cepasĭepartamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain ![]() Cantalapiedra, Jorge Botas, Ziqi Deng, Ana Hernández-Plaza, Martí Munar-Palmer, Saray Santamaría-Hernando, José J. Álvaro Rodríguez del Río, Joaquín Giner-Lamia, Carlos P. ![]() Present address: Centre for Microbiome Research, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, AustraliaĬentro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo-UPM, Madrid, Spain Present address: Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis (IBVF), Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC, and Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain We expect this work to enhance future metagenomics studies and expand our knowledge of the genetic repertory of uncultivated organisms. ![]() We also demonstrate that the relative abundance profiles of novel families can discriminate between environments and clinical conditions, leading to the discovery of potentially new biomarkers associated with colorectal cancer. These predictions provide a valuable hypothesis-driven framework, which we employed to experimentally validate a new gene family involved in cell motility and a novel set of antimicrobial peptides. Using genomic context analysis and structural alignments, we predicted functional associations for 32.4% of FESNov families, including 4,349 high-confidence associations with important biological processes. The FESNov catalog is enriched in clade-specific traits, including 1,034 novel families that can distinguish entire uncultivated phyla, classes, and orders, likely representing synapomorphies that facilitated their evolutionary divergence. All FESNov families span multiple species, exhibit strong signals of purifying selection, and qualify as new orthologous groups, thus nearly tripling the number of bacterial and archaeal gene families described to date. Here, we analyzed 149,842 environmental genomes from multiple habitats 2–6 and compiled a curated catalog of 404,085 functionally and evolutionarily significant novel (FESNov) gene families exclusive to uncultivated prokaryotic taxa. Many of Earth’s microbes remain uncultured and under-studied, limiting our understanding of the functional and evolutionary aspects of their genetic material, which remain largely overlooked in most metagenomic studies 1.
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